نگاه اجمالی
هزاران سال است که «روح و روان»، ذهن انسان را به خود مشغول کرده است: این موضوع را می‌توان با نگاهی به آثار برجای مانده از گذشتگان استنباط کرد. انواع مختلفی از مراسم مذهبی یا غیر مذهبی که برای آرامش ارواح مردگان یا دور کردن ارواح خبیثه انجام می‌شد موید این مطلب است.
امروزه نیز به مانند گذشته «روح و روان» همان اهمیت گذشته خود را با وجود تغییرات بنیادی در ارزش‌ها و تعاریف ما از مسائل حفظ کرده است و کمتر کسی را می‌توان سراغ داشت که «علم روان شناسی» بی‌نیاز باشد. این علم با همه جوانب زندگی ما در ارتباط است. شیوه‌های تعامل والدین با فرزندان ، شیوه‌های فرزند پروری، درمان مشکلات روانی و خانوادگی، گزینش افراد مناسب برای یک کار، تعلیم و تربیت دانش آموزان استثنایی و… همه نمونه‌هایی از مسائل مربوط به روان شناسی است.
تعریف روانشناسی
روانشناسی علمی است که به بررسی علمی رفتار و فرآیندهای ذهنی می‌پردازد. منظور از «رفتار» در روانشناسی، آن دسته از فعالیت‌های جاندار است که بوسیله یک جاندار دیگر یا با دستگاه‌های آزمایشگاهی قابل مشاهده است. و منظور از «فرآیندهای ذهنی» یعنی آن دسته از فعالیت‌های جاندار که قابل مشاهده مستقیم نیست، ولی می‌توان آن را از روی آثارش در رفتار فرد استنباط کرد. نمونه‌هایی از رفتار عبارتند از: مطالعه کردن، صحبت کردن، ورزش کردن، خوابیدن، حرف زدن در خواب، آب دهان انداختن، گره کردن مشتها و… و نمونه‌هایی از فرآیندهای ذهنی عبارتند از: حل مسئله، سبک تفکر، تغییرات مربوط به حافظه و یادگیری، ادراک و…
تاریخچه
سال 1879 میلادی سال آغاز روانشناسی علمی است، سالی که«ویلهم وونت» – بنیانگذار و پدر علم روانشناسی – اولین آزمایشگاه روانشناسی را رسما در دانشگاه لایپزیک آلمان تاسیس کرد. این کار او باعث شد، روانشناسی از فلسفه جدا شود. روانشناسی وونت مبتنی بر مکتب درون‌نگری به عنوان روشی برای مطالعه ذهن و روان بود. درون‌نگری یعنی «مشاهده و تجزیه کردن فرآیندهای ذهنی هوشیار درون فرد (احساسات، تصورات، تفکرات) به همان صورتی که فرد (آزمودنی) اظهار می‌دارد. روش درون نگری از فلسفه به وونت رسیده بود ولی بنظر او درون نگری فلسفی به تنهایی کافی نبود، بلکه باید با آزمایش کنترل شده تکمیل شود.
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